P values indicate how incompatible the observed data may be with a null hypothesis; “P<0.05” implies that a treatment effect or exposure association larger than that observed would occur less than 5% ...

I would like to respond to a recent letter by Mr. Robert Lem regarding Superintendent Critchfield’s characterization of Idaho’s 2025 ISAT results. Mr. Lem writes: ...

Your editorial “The FDA Returns to Its Bad Habits” (Feb. 21) explains, “Reata’s p-value was 0.014, which means there was a 1.4% chance that its positive result was a fluke.” A related, true statement ...