The experiments recreated what happens as new planets grow from swirling disks of gas and dust. In their infancy, these bodies collide, heat up, and melt into global magma oceans surrounded by thick ...

Inside this miniature planet, hydrogen gas interacted with molten rock, creating a reaction that produced water. For the first time, scientists could see proof that magma and hydrogen can chemically ...

In the beginning, when planets were newborn, they glowed like furnaces, vast oceans of molten rock wrapped in heavy blankets of gas. For a long time, scientists believed those fiery worlds were too ...