Chris Gallant, CFA, is a senior manager of interest rate risk for ATB Financial with 10 years of experience in the financial markets. Vikki Velasquez is a researcher and writer who has managed, ...

The simple definition of a mean is that of a numeric quantity which represents the center of a collection of numbers. Here the trick lies in defining the exact type of numeric collection, as beyond ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

An unbiased forecast of the terminal value of a portfolio requires compounding of its initial value at its arithmetic mean return for the length of the investment period. Compounding at the arithmetic ...

In the investment world, it’s common to discuss average rates of return. It’s not sufficient, however, to simply add up historical returns and divide by how many there are. The proper way to calculate ...

A new formula for $\pi$ is derived. It is a direct consequence of Gauss' arithmetic-geometric mean, the traditional method for calculating elliptic integrals, and of ...