Human genes are written in long strings of three-letter units composed of four different nucleotides. These units—or ...

Codon optimization is a central strategy in recombinant protein production, enabling genes from one organism to be efficiently expressed in another. Conventional methods typically replace ...

Synthetic biologists from Yale were able to re-write the genetic code of an organism - a novel genomically recoded organism (GRO) with one stop codon - using a cellular platform that they developed ...

Scientists trying to engineer biologic molecules with new functions have long felt limited by the 20 amino-acid building blocks. Researchers are working to develop ways of putting new building ...

Synthetic biologists from Yale were able to re-write the genetic code of an organism—a novel genomically recoded organism ...

A recent study by Fred Hutch biochemist Christopher Lapointe, PhD, and his colleagues, uses innovative lab techniques to ...

It's a dogma taught in every introductory biology class: Proteins are composed of combinations of 20 different amino acids, arranged into diverse sequences like words. But researchers trying to ...

How does the cell convert DNA into working proteins? The process of translation can be seen as the decoding of instructions for making proteins, involving mRNA in transcription as well as tRNA. But ...

Methane-producing archaea from the species Methanosarcina acetivorans. The microbes are stained with a fluorescent dye that specifically binds to the membranes of archaea. The beauty of the DNA code ...

Christine Dunham is a leading expert on the ribosome—an elaborate macro-molecular machine that operates like a factory within ...