S1 and S2 are the normal heart sounds you hear when the heart valves close. Heart murmurs are extra sounds that can be heard during systole, diastole, or as a continuous sound. S3 and S4 are abnormal ...

S1 is the first heart sound that doctors can hear using a stethoscope. The vibrations that occur when the mitral and tricuspid valves in the heart close produce the S1 sound. There are two common ...

Non-invasive diagnostic modalities are integral to cardiovascular care; however, current systems primarily measure peripheral pressure, limiting the breadth of cardiovascular prognostication. We ...

Although the esophageal stethoscope is used for continuous auscultation during general anesthesia, few studies have investigated phonocardiographic data as a continuous hemodynamic index. In this ...